Centennial Notes
By Dr. Harold Hunter
Timeline Commentary Footnotes
1. Vinson Synan, The Old-Time Power: A History of the Pentecostal Holiness Church (Franklin Springs: Advocate Press, 1986) 81f. Hereinafter identified as OTP.
2. John Fletcher, The Works of John Fletcher, 4 vols (Salem, Ohio: Schmul Publishers, 1974) vol 2: Checks to Antinomianism, p. 632.
3. Donald W. Dayton, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism (Grand Rapids: Francis Asbury Press, 1987) 97f, 110n41. Synan, OTP, 83, 92.
4. J.H. King, "History of Fire-Baptized Church: Chapter II," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (March 3, 1921) 11. A number of North Americans are listed in Harold D. Hunter, Spirit Baptism: A Pentecostal Alternative (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983) chapter 6. See: Craig Fankhauser, "The Heritage of Faith: An Historical Evaluation of the Holiness Movement in America," unpublished M.A. Thesis (Pittsburgh [Kansas] State University, 1983) 121f; Dayton, Roots, 96, 110.
5. Synan, OTP, 85. Holiness periodicals like Beulah Christian labeled this "erroneous teaching." See Beulah Christian 5:5 (May 1896) 3; Beulah Christian (Nov 1896) 2.
6. See Joseph E. Campbell, The Pentecostal Holiness Church: 1898-1948 (Franklin Springs, GA: Publishing House of the Pentecostal Holiness Church, 1951) 197-199. Hereinafter identified as PHC.
9. See "The Central Idea," Live Coals of Fire 1:6 (Nov 10, 1899) 4. cf. Synan, OTP, 89; Fankhauser, "The Heritage of Faith," 133.
10. Synan, OTP, 93. See G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter III," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (February 3, 1921) 9; G.B. Cashwell, "Hundreds Baptized in the South," The Apostolic Faith 1:6 (February-March 1907) 3.
11. J.H. King, "History of Pentecostal Holiness Church," (1946) 5-12, 21. See the series by G.F. Taylor in Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (March-April 1921). Also: Live Coals of Fire 1:6 (Nov 10, 1899) 8; Coals 1:9 (Dec 29, 1899) 2. Probably not connected is the reference to Mr. & Mrs. Tuttle of Lawrence, Kansas in Sarah E. Parham, The Life of Charles F. Parham (Birmingham: Commercial Printing, [1930] 1977) 25f, and Mrs. Victoria Tuttle, the ruling elder of the Pennsylvania Fire-Baptized.
12. "A Sermon by Chas. F. Parham," The Apostolic Faith 31 (April 1925) 3; James R. Goff, Jr., Fields White Unto Harvest: Charles F. Parham and the Missionary Origins of Pentecostalism (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 1988) 54f; James R. Goff, Jr., "Initial Tongues in the Theology of Charles Fox Parham," Initial Evidence, ed. by Gary M. McGee (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1991) 62; Vinson Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Holiness Movement, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971) 68; Synan, OTP, 92.
13. Agnes Ozman LaBerge, What God Hath Wrought (Chicago: Herald Publishing Co., n.d.) 22f; William Menzies, "Fire-Baptized Holiness Movement," Dictionary of Christianity in America (Downer's Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1991) 440; Edith Blumhofer, Restoring The Faith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993) 48-53. "History of [Pentecostal] Movement," The Apostolic Faith 2:2 (Oct 1908) Houston, Texas, p. 2, adds that at her Spirit baptism on January 1, 1901 she did not think tongues was the only evidence of Spirit baptism. Campbell, PHC, 208-214, notes that Agnes Ozman LeBerge and her husband became active members of the Fire Baptized Holiness Church, she serving as "pastor and evangelist."
Daniel Awrey's 7,100 mile trip reported in Live Coals of Fire 1:7 (Dec 1, 1899) 5, noted twice hearing Dr. Dowie in Chicago. Chronicling travels in 1907, Frank Bartleman's How Pentecost Came to Los Angeles (1925) 106, told of a stop in Old Orchard, Maine. This annual Christian and Missionary Alliance camp meeting was said to be opposed to "Pentecost," yet several left the camp to hear Bartleman. cf. Michael Thomas Girolimon, "A Real Crisis of Blessing: Part 1," Paraclete 27:1 (Winter, 1992) 21; Blumhofer, Restoring the Faith, 48; James E. Peters, Prevailing Westerlies (Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image, 1988) 19f.
14. The Discipline of The Holiness Church (Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, [c. 1902]) 3.
15. Vinson Synan, "Pentecostal Holiness Church," Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, ed. by Samuel S. Hill (Macon: Mercer University Press, 1984) 582, erroneously records the date as 1893. See: Synan, OTP, 60; Campbell, PHC, 221; A.D. Beacham, Jr., A Brief History of the Pentecostal Holiness Church (Franklin Springs, GA: Advocate Press, 1983) 35.
17. Campbell, PHC, 221. Cf. Synan, OTP, 5f; Beachman, Brief History, 33; W. Eddie Morris, The Vine and Branches - John 15:5: Historic Events of the Holiness and Pentecostal Movements (by the author, 1981) 7.
20. Synan, OTP, 62f; Beacham, Brief History, 36.
21. B.H. Irwin preached a sermon on "The Pentecostal Church" which was printed in Live Coals of Fire 1:20 (June 1, 1900) 2f. Most notable is the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene founded by Phineas F. Bresee. See also articles like "The Pentecostal Mission Convention" by O.A. Barber in Living Waters 13:42 (October 22, 1903). Cf. Synan, OTP, 64; Harold D. Hunter, "Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins," Section II, class lectures at the Church of God School of Theology and Oral Roberts University School of Theology.
22. Bridegroom's Messenger (March 1, 1908) 1; April 15, 1908, 2.
25. Live Coals of Fire 1:8 (December 15, 1899) 6.
26. Ethel E. Goss’ The Winds of God (Southfield, Michigan: Ruth Goss Nortje’, 1977) 254..
27. Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (February 24, 1921) 9.
28. G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI: Foreign Missions," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate 4: 49 (April 7, 1921) 8, says that the Bradleys did not join the PHC until 1912. He later mentions that they returned to the states in 1918 and at the time of his writing (1921) they had not been sent back to Central America.
29. Bradley died in Central America. See King in Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (April 7, 1921).
30. King was not the FBH General Overseer during this tour. Britton was made Acting General Overseer. So Campbell, PHC, 253.
31. According to Harold Stanley York, "The Formation of the Pentecostal Holiness Church’s Mission Endeavor," unpublished Th.M. thesis, Dvinity School of Duke University (May 12, 1977) p. 12
32. So G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (April 7, 1921) 8.
33. John W. Brooks, Mighty Moments, says that Henry King got very ill after a "short stay in the topics and was helped onto the ship to return to the United States."
34. So e-mail from Vinson Synan, 6/25/97.
35. Joseph Campbell, PHC, 347.
36. G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (April 7, 1921) 8, says that King took her in during his tour in India. This would suggest she was actually received in 1910. Taylor goes on to say that the North Carolina Conference sent her money in 1911.
37. G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI: Foreign Missions," Advocate 4: 49(April 7, 1921) 8. Sister Aston received money from the PHC board, but declared she would rather remain independent of the board.
38. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapel XI," 8, says that Miss May Law returned to the States in the spring of 1912 and when she returned in the fall of 1912 she took with her Miss Ollie Maw of South Carolina. Maw was a member of PHC and endorsed by the Georgia and Upper South Carolina Convention. Later (1914?), Miss Law adopted the "finished work theory" and "the one name baptism, or Unitarianism."
39. There was another source that confused me on this, but Taylor in "Our China Work, PH Advocate (Nov 11, 1920) puts Anna Deane Cole as being Spirit baptized in Birmingham in 1907 and wanting to leave for China immediately. However, she went to Holmes first then to China in 1911 (Taylor "thinks") and remained 7 years. She was a member of the Tabernacle Church but was part of the 1915 consolidation in to PHC. She was getting ready to return in 1921.
40. King was not General Overseer during this tour. Britton was made Acting General Overseer. So Campbell, PHC, 253.
41. The Bridegroom's Messenger (March 15, 1910) 2 quoted in Stan York, p. 12.
42. So G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI," PH Advocate (April 7, 1921) 8.
43. John W. Brooks, Mighty Moments, says that King got very ill after a "short stay in the topics and was helped onto the ship to return to the United States."
44. Coals 1:10 (Jan 12, 1900). See King's flattering appraisal of Sarah Payne in Yet Speaketh, 110.
45. Campbell, PHC, 227, 233, 238, 247f, 262; V. Mayo Bundy, ed., A History of Falcon, North Carolina (Charlotte: Herb Eaton Historical Publications, 1986) 7f; Bridegroom's Messenger (Nov 1, 1907) 1; June 1, 1908, p. 2. For the adventures of PHC minister Martha Edna Virden, see Annie Sue Virden, Laid Up Treasures: Life of Mrs. M. E. Virden (Franklin Springs: PHC Publishing House, 1939).
47. The precise nature of Irwin's indiscretion is not often repeated, but C.E. Jones, "Benjamin Hardin Irwin," Dictionary of Christianity in America, 583, passes on the 1900 announcement by H.C. Morrison in his Pentecostal Herald that Irwin had been seen on an Omaha street drunk and smoking a cigar. This was followed by divorce and a marriage to a young woman. J.H. King, "Pentecostal Holiness Church," 23, lamented that an alluring woman had tempted Irwin. King wrote in 1921, "History of the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church: Chapter III," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate 4:49 (April 7, 1921) 10, that Irwin gave evidence of "an apostate condition of heart" in 1899 and that in the spring of 1900 he was "guilty of open and gross sins." Evidence about a pentecostal episode in Irwin's life is found in The Apostolic Faith 1:6 (February-March, 1907) 1, and The Apostolic Faith (February 1911) 4, edited by E.N. Bell along with a letter from Irwin to Barrett republished by David Bundy in "Spiritual Advice to a Seeker: Letters to T.B. Barratt from Azusa St, 1906," Pneuma 14:2 (Fall, 1992) 160, 167f. See Fankhauser, "The Heritage of Faith," for information about the death of Mrs. Anna M. Stewart Irwin in 1919. When trying to purge the Pentecostal Holiness Church of "Irwinism," King, "Unity," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (August 3, 1922) 5f, said of Irwin:
His life for many years alternated between the pulpit and the harlots house. He would go from the pulpit to wallow with harlots the rest of the night. During this time he was preaching fiercely against wearing neckties, eating pork, and drinking coffee. This last reference was located by Dan Woods.
49. Vinson Synan, "Whence the Pentecostal Holiness Church?" Legacy 1 (1996).
50. Vinson Synan, "Whence the Pentecostal Holiness Church? Legacy 1 (1996).
51. Campbell, PHC, 241; Synan, Holiness-Pentecostal Movement, 138f.
54. See: Sixtieth Annual Session: Journal of the North Carolina Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. (1896) p. 16; Journal of the North Carolina Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Fifty-Second Session at New Berne, NC. November 28th to December 4th, 1888, p. 17; Journal of the North Carolina Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South held at Oxford, NC, December 3-8, 1913 (Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton Printing Co., 1913), p. 25; The North Carolina Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Eighty-Second Annual Session held in Goldsboro, NC, December 11-16, 1918, p. 28; G. Franklin Grill, Methodism in the Upper Cape Fear Valley (Nashville: Parthenon Press, 1966) 148. Contra Synan, OTP, 119, who says that Crumpler remained a layperson after leaving PHC. cf. Campbell, PHC, 245. These developments parallel events in the Church of God in Christ involving C.P. Jones and Charles H. Mason. Anyway, Grill certainly gets it wrong when he quotes a North Carolina Methodist Episcopal (South) preacher, L.L. Nash, Recollections and Observations (1916) [p. 90] to say that the PHC "went to pieces." Mr. Grill has been informed of this glaring misstatement.
55. King, "My Experience;" J.H. King, and Blanche L. King, Yet Speaketh: Memoirs of the Late Bishop Joseph H. King (Franklin Springs, GA: Publishing House of the Pentecostal Holiness Church, 1949) 112; Synan, OTP, 112.
56. King, "My Experience," 13.
57. J.H. Ballard, "Spiritual Gifts with Special Reference to the Gift of Tongues," Live Coals (Feb 13, 1907) 2, 6.
58. Synan, OTP, 112f. Taylor, The Spirit and the Bride, noting that King quoted Dean Alford in The Apostolic Evangel goes on to point out that Alford was "not trying to prove" initial-evidence Spirit baptism.
59. Synan, Holiness-Pentecostal Movement, 129
60. G.F. Taylor, The Spirit and the Bride (Falcon, NC: 1907) 5-9, 40-49, 90-99. Notice the appropriation of Taylor's book by D. William Faupel in The Everlasting Gospel: The Significance of Eschatology in the Development of Pentecostal Thought (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996). In their autobiographical accounts, King, Tomlinson, Cashwell, and Taylor all stressed that they accepted the doctrine of tongues only after a examination of the Bible confirmed it.
61. Cashwell editorials in the Bridegroom's Messenger, Dec. 15, 1907, Jan. 1, 1908, Dec. 1, 1907.
62. Pentecostal Holiness Church Manual: 1973 (Franklin Springs, GA: Advocate Press, n.d.) 13; Synan, OTP, 131.
64. Grant Wacker, "A Profile of American Pentecostalism," Pastoral Problems in the Pentecostal-Charismatic Movement, ed. by Harold D. Hunter (Cleveland, TN: Society for Pentecostal Studies, November 3-5, 1983) 18.
67. Donald W. Dayton, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism (Grand Rapids: Francis Asbury Press, 1987) 97f, 110n41. Synan, OTP, 83, 92.
68. Holiness Advocate 7:3 (May 15, 1907) 2, 6; Apostolic Evangel 1:7 (May 15, 1909) 2; Bridegroom's Messenger (Jan 15, 1908) 1.
70. Undated history of Southwestern, p. 3.
71. Daniel Bays, "The Protestant Missionary Establishment and the Pentecostal Movement," Pentecostal Currents in American Protestantism, ed. by Edith L. Blumhofer, Russell P. Spittler and Grant A. Wacker (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999) 52-54, 57, suggests that McIntosh was the first Pentecostal missionary to reach China. However, he does not identify McIntosh as sent by the PHC. He also fails to connect the A.G. Garrs and May Law with the PHC.
72. Joseph Campbell, PHC, 347. In 1916, Mrs. N.J. Holmes singled out Miss Lucy Jones who had already served 14 years as a missionary to China. It is unknown if Miss Jones became a pentecostal.
73. G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI," Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (April 7, 1921) 8, says that King took her in during his tour in India. This would suggest she was actually received in 1910. Taylor goes on to say that the North Carolina Conference sent her money in 1911.
74. G.F. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI," 8. Sister Aston received money from the PHC board, but declared she would rather remain independent of the board.
75. Taylor, "Our Church History: Chapter XI," 8, says that Miss May Law returned to the States in the spring of 1912 and when she returned in the fall of 1912 she took with her Miss Ollie Maw of South Carolina. Maw was a member of PHC and endorsed by the Georgia and Upper South Carolina Convention. Later (1914?), Miss Law adopted the "finished work theory" and "the one name baptism."
76. Taylor in "Our China Work, Pentecostal Holiness Advocate (November 11, 1920) puts Anna Deane Cole as being Spirit baptized in Birmingham in 1907 and wanting to leave for China immediately. However, she went to Holmes first then to China in 1911 and remained seven years. She was a member of the Tabernacle Church that was part of the 1915 consolidation in to the PHC. She was getting ready to return in 1921 when Taylor published his piece.
77. According to Harold Stanley York, "The Formation of the Pentecostal Holiness Church’s Mission Endeavor," unpublished Th.M. thesis, Divinity School of Duke University (May 12, 1977) p. 12.
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